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Minerals
 Websites presented in alphabetical order Atlas of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Minerals, and Textures 
 Images of rocks and minerals in thin section. Entries include rock type, locality, and brief descriptions. Some samples are displayed with various degrees of polarized light. http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/mainmenu.html Topics: Geology, Photography, Technology Last updated Aug 28, 2002 Benitoite
Devoted to Benitoite, the state gem of California. Includes photographs, articles (including George D. Louderback's 1909 article "Benitoite, Its Paragenesis and Mode of Occurrence"), and topographical maps. From the Museum Informatics Project (MIP), University of California, Berkeley. http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/geology/benitoite/ Topics: California, Geology Last updated Aug 3, 2003 BioBasics: Biomining
Background information about biomining, which is "the use of microorganisms to extract metals and minerals from ores in the mining process." Discusses bioleaching (used to extract copper) and biooxidation (mainly used in gold mining), and specific research and applications of biomining. Includes a brief bibliography. From the Government of Canada. http://www.biobasics.gc.ca/english/view.asp?x=797 Topics: Geology, Industries, Science, Technology Last updated Dec 29, 2005 Bureau of Land Management: Helium
Collection of facts and data about helium, "the second most abundant element in the universe ... [which was] discovered on the sun before it was found on the earth. ... Helium is commercially recovered from natural gas deposits mostly from Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas." Includes details about the Federal Helium Reserve, the helium shortage and its effects on the balloon industry, helium operator statistics, trivia, and related material. From the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. http://www.blm.gov/nm/st/en/prog/energy/helium.html Topics: Geology Last updated Nov 29, 2007 Copper Statistics and Information
Statistical publications about copper, which is "one of the oldest metals ever used and has been one of the important materials in the development of civilization." Includes copper data from annual and monthly publications, such as Mineral Commodity Summaries and Minerals Yearbook, and one-time and special publications about copper, such as a map and table of world copper smelters and information about material flows associated with copper smelting. From the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/ Topics: Geology Last updated Apr 3, 2008 The Epsom Salt Industry Council
The goal of this group of manufacturers and packagers of Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) is "to educate consumers as to the many, varied uses of their versatile product." The site features a list of uses, including bath salt, tile cleaner, hair and skin cleanser, and fertilizer. Also includes a FAQ and quotes about Epsom salt. http://epsomsaltcouncil.org Topics: Business, Geology Last updated Aug 19, 2004 Geodes: Small Treasure Vaults in Illinois
Illustrated fact sheet about these irregular, roughly spherical geological formations that are lined with mineral crystals. Describes the makeup of a geode and theories about geode formation. From the Illinois State Geological Survey. http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geobits/geobit3.shtml Topics: Geology Last updated Jun 12, 2007 Gold Statistics and Information
Data on gold from statistical publications such as Mineral Commodity Summaries, Minerals Yearbook, and Mineral Industry Surveys. Features brochures on gold prospecting, gold prices in the U.S., and other mineral and metal publications with data on gold. From the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gold/ Topics: Geology, Investing Last updated Apr 16, 2006 Helium Statistics and Information
Collection of statistical publications on helium gas, including production and use, government stockpiles, world production and reserves, trends and issues, and related topics. Includes Mineral Commodity Summaries, Minerals Yearbook, and other publications. From the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/ Topics: Geology Last updated Nov 15, 2006 How Quicksand Works
Details about quicksand, which is "just ordinary sand that has been so saturated with water that the friction between sand particles is reduced. The resulting sand ... can no longer support any weight. If you step into quicksand, it won't suck you down. However, your movements will cause you to dig yourself deeper into it." Includes material about how quicksand forms and how you can escape from it. From How Stuff Works. http://www.howstuffworks.com/quicksand.htm Topics: Geology, Public Health & Safety Last updated Jul 10, 2006 How to Pan for Gold
This pamphlet provides basic instructions for panning for gold. Topics include identifying areas in which gold might be present (such as places where streams flow over exposed bedrock), and methods for filling, rocking, swirling, and tilting the pan. Includes illustrations. Opens directly into a PDF document. From the Tennessee Division of Geology, Department of Environment and Conservation. http://www.state.tn.us/environment/tdg/cop/pdf/goldpan.pdf Topics: Geology, United States History Last updated Apr 9, 2008 International Zinc Association
This site features descriptions of the uses of zinc. The publications section provides a history of zinc, a zinc guide with statistics, and material about the role of zinc oxide in rubber processing, zinc protective coatings, zinc and human health, and the supporting role zinc played "in many of the major inventions of the 20th Century. From transistors to lasers, satellites to circuit boards, photocopiers to fuel cells." From an industry association. http://www.iza.com/ Topics: Geology, Industries Last updated Nov 9, 2006 Iron Ore Statistics and Information
Statistical publications on iron ore, "a mineral substance which, when heated in the presence of a reductant, will yield metallic iron (Fe). ... Iron ore is the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel industries." Includes links to statistics about iron and steel scrap (recycled into new steel and cast-iron products) and slag (nonmetallic byproducts of iron and steel manufacturing). From the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/ Topics: Geology Last updated Oct 23, 2006 Jade in B.C.
Online version of a print brochure about the mining of jade ("a commercial term encompassing green, white, black or yellow-brown jadeite and nephrite") in British Columbia, Canada. Discusses geology, the jade market, prospecting tips, and related topics. Includes a printable version of the brochure and a map showing jade occurrences in British Columbia. From the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Province of British Columbia. http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/Minfile/products/Jade/ Topics: Geology Last updated Sep 12, 2008 Mineral Identification Key
This resource for rockhounds lists tools needed, mineral properties (luster, hardness, cleavage, etc.) to test for, and a series of steps for narrowing the choices to the most likely species. The result is the pertinent portion of a table of minerals that lists properties, name, system, habit, specific gravity, and notes. "A couple hundred of the most common or 'usually seen' mineral species are covered." http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/mineral_id/ Topics: Geology Last updated Aug 28, 2002 Mineral Rights: Surface Rights and Mineral Rights Are Not the Same!
This article provides an overview of the types of ownership for minerals under real property and related matters. Discusses fee simple ownership (complete ownership of the surface, subsurface, and the air above the property), surface rights versus underground mineral rights, delayed damage to surface, damage to aquifers, disagreement during extraction, purchase and sale of rights, application of state and local laws, and what qualifies as a "mineral." From Geology.com. http://geology.com/articles/mineral-rights.shtml Topics: Geology Last updated Apr 1, 2008 Mineralogy Database
Browse a directory of thousands of mineral species, indexed by chemical composition, crystallography, optical and physical properties, by Dana’s New or Strunz Classification, or alphabetical list. Some mineral descriptions also include the name origin, environment, and habits. Site also has mineral resource links, some definitions, and photographs from author David Barthelmy’s collection. Searchable. http://webmineral.com/ Topics: Geology, Science, Science Last updated Aug 20, 2003 Minerals Information
Covers over 100 minerals, from aluminum to zinc, that the U.S. government considers essential to its economy, national security, and environmental protection. The site includes statistics from government publications such as the Minerals Yearbook , on topics such as production, recycling, and import sources of minerals. The site is searchable by commodity (mineral), country, and state, and there are many links to related sites. From the United States Geological Survey (USGS). http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/ Topics: Geology, Government Last updated May 16, 2002 Mining: Biomining and Bioprocessing
This collection of documents shows examples of the applications of biotechnology to mining industry processes, including acid mine drainage, bioleaching of metals, use of microbes to process coal, and related technologies using microorganisms. From the Idaho National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. http://www.inl.gov/mining/projects/biomining.shtml Topics: Energy, Geology, Industries, Science, Technology Last updated Jul 19, 2005 Ology: Jade
This presentation features fun facts and background about jade, which is the common name for nephrite and jadeite rock. It explores how jade was historically used in areas around the world (such as China, New Zealand, and Mesoamerica), geology of jade, jade hunting in Myanmar (Burma) and Guatemala, and jade today. From OLogy, the American Museum of Natural History's "site for kids ages seven through twelve." http://www.amnh.org/ology/index.php?channel=earth Topics: Geology Last updated May 3, 2008 Online Tours: Chinese Jade
"This tour illustrates examples showing the development of Chinese jade from around 5000 BC to the modern period." It notes that "[j]ade has always been the material most highly prized by the Chinese, above silver and gold." Features images and descriptions of carved jade artifacts from various Chinese dynasties, and brief information about jade (which "refers only to nephrite and jadeite"), and where it was found in early Chinese history. From the British Museum. http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/asia/chinese_jade/chinese_jade.aspx Topics: Geology, History By Place Last updated Mar 18, 2008 TheImage.com
Hundreds of pictures of minerals and some gemstones, mystery close-ups (guess what they are!), and explanations of digital photography and faceting from an enthusiast of "lapidary, microscopy, and the use of images." The photographs of minerals and gems are accompanied by scientific properties and miscellaneous information. http://www.theimage.com/ Topics: Geology, Photography, Technology Last updated Nov 6, 2002 The Thomas S. Warren Museum of Fluorescence
This site has a brief explanation of fluorescence and phosphorescence, some striking close-up photographs of specimens of fluorescent minerals under ultraviolet light, and a collection of annotated links to related resources. The section for teachers is a tour of the museum's exhibits, with photographs and brief notes. The museum is in Ogdensburg, N.J. http://sterlinghillminingmuseum.org/warren/about.php Topics: Geology, Museums, Photograph Collections, Science Last updated Sep 22, 2009 The West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey
Information about geology, energy resources, industrial minerals, geologic hazards, ground water, and related matters in West Virginia. Topics covered include "Information on Devonian Shales (including Marcellus Shale)" which can be a repository of natural gas, oil and gas well data, maps of coal beds and mines, images of selected state fossils and minerals, and more. From the state of West Virginia. http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/index.html Topics: Geology, Oil & Gas Last updated Apr 9, 2008 World of Amber
Everything you ever wanted to know about this fossilized resin of ancient trees. Information is given on its physical properties, geologic occurrences, where it's found, what's found in it, identifying it, myths, uses, care, types, museums, and other resources. From librarian Susan Ward Aber at Emporia State University in Kansas. http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/amber.htm Topics: Geology Last updated Jun 17, 2007 Zinc Statistics and Information
Statistical publications for zinc, "the 23rd most abundant element in the earth's crust. Sphalerite, zinc sulfide, is and has been the principal ore mineral in the world." Includes data on production and use, recycling, and related information from Mineral Commodity Summaries, the Minerals Yearbook, and other publications. From the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/ Topics: Geology Last updated Jun 26, 2006 |
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